Concept Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Concept Analysis - Essay Example This paper will analyze a chosen concept using the Wilson Method of Concept Analysis. 2. Concept Analysis. The procedure of concept analysis by Wilson begins with isolating value and facts of the concept. This is achieved by answering the fact with knowledge and giving moral standards of the concept. The concept is also given a meaning. The second part is obtaining the right answers since a concept could be having more than one correct reply. Elements that are core to necessities of the concepts are given priority. The third part entails incorporating a model case. The case must be the actual example of the concept. Using several model cases helps clarify the meaning of the concept. The next part of the concept analysis procedure will entail a different case that contrasts the actual example of the pain or any case that is not the true example of the concept. Then related cases that are similar to the concept are given. There are situations where a case is debatable if it belongs to the category of the concept. This is used as a border case. Imaginations can be used to find meaning of a concept where an example is rare to find. The meaning of a concept can be placed in a social context. ... Walker and Avant adapted Wilson Method of Concept Analysis to identify the most significant approaches to study concepts in nursing. Walker and Avant (2005, p. 65) suggest the following steps in a concept analysis. The first step is concept selection. The selected concept reveals the area of concentration and the main topic. The second step is identifying the aims together with the objectives of conducting the analysis. Determining objectives clarifies the meaning of the concept. Moreover, clarity contributes to the creation of the operational meaning of the concept. Consequently, the scientific, normal or even the ordinary application of the concept is clarified. In some cases, the researcher may have individual interest and conduct a concept analysis (Morse, 1995, p. 31). The third step is the recognition of all uses of the concept. This entails finding out the meaning of a concept in the dictionary, available literature and from peers. The search for the uses is extended to all fi elds beyond nursing. The fourth step in concept analysis is concerned with characterizing the concept. After a critical examination of concept, attributes that appear repeatedly are noted. The attributes that form a cluster are linked to the concept. The fifth step is the creation of a model case. A model case will entail an illustration in real life that reveals all the attributes of the concept. Baldwin (2008, p. 53) adds that, the model can be presented as a case to generate the characteristics simultaneously or be discovered after the characteristics are determined. Construction of other cases is the sixth step. Other cases will include borderline case, related case, contrary case,

African American Essay Example for Free

African American Essay James Baldwin once said, â€Å"I am what time, circumstance, history, have made of me, certainly, but I am also so much more than that. So are we all. † When the subject of race comes up, I feel like that quote is very meaningful. According to class lecture, race is an arbitrary social classification of clearly bounded categories based on skin color which corresponds to no biological reality. To be able to understand race today, a person should have a background on the history of race. According to the American Anthropological Association, by the 1600s, English colonists had established a system of indentured servitude that included both Europeans and Africans. But by the time of Bacon’s Rebellion the status of Africans began to change. Servants who once had an opportunity for freedom following servitude were relegated to a life of permanent slavery in the colonies. Thomas Jefferson was influential in the idea of race with a biological and social hierarchy. He stated that, â€Å"blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstances, are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind. Not only did people begin to base their opinions on Thomas Jefferson’s statement, but when Carolus Linnaeus developed a biological classification system and the German scientist Johann Blumenbach introduced a race-based classification of humans, the concept of race expanded and whites saw themselves as superior. I feel that even though race is so deeply embedded into our lives, and it also appears to be the natural order of things, it is not a useful way to talk about human variation. Skin color alone does not provide any reliable information about at person’s race, culture, or susceptibility to disease. Ryan A. Brown and George J. Armelagos in the review, Apportionment of Racial Diversity, makes a good point by saying, â€Å"A single trait such as skin color will result in a classification system that is easily determined. Add another trait and classification becomes a more difficult task, and there usually are groups that cannot be classified. † For too long people have been basing human variation on a person’s race. Many people are guilty of simply looking at an individual and grouping them by their skin color. The sorting exercise on the PBS website confirms this. When I completed the exercise, the results said that I only had grouped 3 individuals in the right group. I was using appearance and appearance only to classify the individuals. Appearance doesn’t always tell a person about someone’s ancestry of self-identity. It’s hard to make any accurate predictions based on appearance alone. According to the Me, My Race, and I reading on the PBS website, I realized that whites and nonwhites had very different things to say. A Caucasian individual stated, â€Å"race does not affect his life so he doesn’t dwell on it. † It is quite different for nonwhites. An African American male stated that he feels as if people automatically perceive him as a robber. An Asian said she was expected to be good at math and sciences, just because of the way she looked. According to the Why Genes Don’t Count (for Racial Differences in Health) article, Human variation is non-concordant. â€Å"Traits tend to vary independently of other traits. Race classifications vary, therefore, by the traits used in the classification. † For example, a classification based on the sickle cell trait might include equatorial Africans, Greeks, and Turks. Sickle cell is not a â€Å"black† disease. According to AAA, â€Å"Contrary to popular perception, the gene variant that causes sickle cell disease evolved as a result of its surprising upside – malaria resistance. The gene variant for sickle cell disease is related to malaria, not skin color. † There is no possibility for consistency. Because skin color correlates with only a few other phenotype traits such as hair and eye color, it is true that â€Å"race is only skin deep. † Another reason why I would say race is not a useful way to talk about human variation is the reason that human variation is continuous. Alan H. Goodman, PhD says â€Å"there is no clear place to designate where one race begins and another ends. Skin color, for example, slowly changes from place to place. † Whether than using race to talk about human variation, I think there is a better way to talk about groups of humans. I think the better way to talk about groups of humans is based on culture. In lecture we learned how a person’s ethnic group is the emphasis of cultural construction over genes. Ethnicity is a multifactorial concept including, but not limited to cultural constructs, genetic background, ecological specialization, and self-specialization. According to the article Culture, Not Race, Explains Human Diversity, â€Å"races† are imagined by the public and do not actually exist. If you think about it, ethnicity/culture is such a better way to talk about groups of people rather than grouping according to skin color. Skin color is based simply on appearance, whereas ethnicity/culture brings multiple concepts into play. Mark Nathan Cohen says, â€Å"The anthropological concept of culture can be explained best by an analogy with language. Just as language is more than vocabulary, culture is more than, say art and music. † Culture structures our behavior, thoughts, perceptions, values, goals, morals, and cognitive processes. Mr. Cohen makes a good point by stressing that people should stray from their egocentric ways and look more carefully at what other people are doing and try to understand their behavior in context before judgment. A person’s culture shapes many things once thought determined by biology, including sexuality, aggression, perception, and susceptibility to disease. This exercise of exploring on the websites and reading all the outside readings, did reinforce our classroom discussions. One thing that stood out to me was the fact that we talked about a girl from Lau Lagoon, Solomon Islands who had dark skin but was born with blond hair. This example also came up in our outside reading as an example. This emphasized that skin color does not come with a certain set of hair colors. Another way this exercise reinforced our classroom discussion was that the websites and reading both reinforced the concept that race has no genetic basis. Not one characteristic, trait or gene distinguishes all members of one so-called race from all members of another so-called society. I feel that that was the overall major concept that was learned in both this exercise and classroom lecture. As I was on the PBS website, I came across one of the background reading entitled â€Å"Where Race Lives. † I found this article very interesting because I read that in 1993, â€Å"86% of suburban whites still lived in places with a black population of less than 1%. † This was interesting to me because in 1994 my family moved to what was considered a white suburb. Even though I was only 1 years of age, at the time, my mom told me that we were 1 of the 2 African Americans families living in the neighborhood at the time. We were the only African American family on our street at the time. Today our street has more African American families on it than white families. It is sad to say but as more African American families moved on our street, more white families moved away. All in all, Genes and environments work together to make each person unique. Why just look at a person’s skin color and make judgments, when there is more to a person than their skin color. Characteristics such as skin color, height and susceptibility to disease are determined by complex combinations of genetic traits, environmental factors and cultural experience.

Stereotyping, Through the Eyes of Teenage Girls :: essays research papers fc

STEREOTYPES Through the Eyes of Teenage Girls A ‘stereotype’ by definition is a generalized image of a person or group, which does not acknowledge individual differences and which is often prejudicial to that person or group. People in general develop stereotypes when they can’t or are hesitant to get all of the information they need to make fair judgments about a person, or a group of people. When this type of situation happens, as it most often does, the person judging misses the ‘whole picture.’ Stereotypes in many cases allow us to ‘fill in the blanks’ and come to our own conclusions. Our society is the main culprit of the creation of stereotypes, but these stereotypes often lead to unfair discrimination and persecution when the stereotype is unfavorable. Stereotyping often results from, and leads to, prejudice and bigotry. (3) Concerning our group project we decided to narrow down this broad topic of stereotypes into specific teenage girl stereotypes. In starting we had to find out the major differences in the sexes, and how it related to stereotypes specifically. We decided to make up surveys to get answers that addressed our topic. We felt that with around 2,000 different answers we would be able to draw some kind of conclusion of the student body of girls in Souderton High School. Before we could do that though, we had to get the background information on some certain topics like how boys and girls differ in the issue of stereotypes, the consequences of stereotyping, and if stereotypes can be changed. Then we could address our specific questions like the different types of stereotypes, and the way each girl functions in her own stereotype. To start off, teenage boys tend to be more competitive and aware of their own achievements than teenage girls. Teenage girls tend to place a higher importance on forming close and meaningful friendships than boys at that age. The differences between teenage boys and girls are influenced by traditional sex role stereotypes. Teenage girls tend to communicate more with their parents, including them in their life, while teenage boys are less likely to share their feelings and their activities. But the teenage girls who are able to communicate feelings, despite a negative self-image, are better able to withstand peer group pressure than boys are. Boys have a greater want to fit in with the others than girls do. Through researching we found that a stereotype can have a great influence on the behavior of a certain individual in that group.

Government :: essays research papers

Conservatives, liberals, and radicals have different perspectives in important areas such as attitudes toward change, views of human nature, individual behavior, family, the social system, and the government and the economic system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conservatives tend to resist change. They think change is more negative than positive. Social welfare programs generally represent nontraditional means of dealing with problems. So conservatives are very suspicious of almost all social welfare programs, because they strongly emphasize tradition saying that problems should be handled in time-tested ways to the greatest extent. When it comes to human nature conservatives take a pessimistic view. People are seen as being corrupt, self-centered, lazy, incapable of true charity and need to be controlled. Conservatives say that each person is responsible for his or her own current behavior. They also say that people possess free will and can choose to engage in hard work to get ahead.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conservatives revere the â€Å"traditional† family and try to preserve it. They feel it is a source of strength. They also oppose abortion, public funding of day-care centers, rights for homosexuals, sex education in school and counseling for minors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conservatives perspective sees the social system as inherently fair. If some groups are poorer than others and have less power and low status it is because this situation is necessary for being for the well-being of society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The view conservatives take on the government and economic system is that they think the less governments govern, the better. They think that most government activities constitute threats to individual liberty and to the functioning of the free market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liberals attitude toward change is a different one than conservatives. Liberals are generally in favor of change. They believe that the world can be changed for the better. They also think that continuing change will bring continuing progress. Liberals take an optimistic view of human nature. People do not have to be controlled, they need be protected from corrupting influences and given the freedom to follow their natural inclinations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although liberals and radicals do not completely deny free will and motivation, they put more emphasis on the environment as a factor in individual behavior. Family, to liberals is an evolving institution, and they can be more flexible and pragmatic in the ways in which they support it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Liberals, like conservatives tend to view society as an orgasmic system, but they have less faith that the system will regulate itself without intervention.

Aviation Essay

Baker aviation-Rams take Flight George T. Baker Aviation School offers high school students a chance to explore possible opportunities with varies programs designed to enrich students with information and actual time in the field of aviation. Baker offers three main programs for students to enroll in. The Aircraft Maintenance Technician Program prepares students for the practice of Aircraft Mechanics.Those who complete the Airframe and Power plant Technician Program are qualified to take the Federal Aviation Administration written and the practice tests. The Airframe Technician Program is a two-year program designed to teach students a thorough study of aircraft structures and organization. Another two year program integrated within the Aircraft Maintenance Program is The Power plant Technician Program where students study power plant theories and maintenance of aircraft engines.Students enrolled in this program need a minimum of a 2. 0 GPA, perfect attendance, conduct, and effort. T he Electronics Technician program develops students for starter positions in electronics and avionics, and as a part of the class they also acquire knowledge of technical skills, academic skills, and experience needed to maintain a job. The course includes electronics and avionics. Program graduates of the three-year program receive an Electronic Technology program completion certificate.The last program offered by the George T. Baker Aviation School is the Aerospace Technology Program which provides students with actual knowledge and experience in a wide variety of careers in Aerospace Technology. Those interested in a career in Aircraft Mechanics have an opportunity to expand their horizon and gain real practical skill before embarking in the career they’ve dreamed of.

Boyles Law Worked Sample Chemistry Problem

Boyle's Law Worked Sample Chemistry Problem If you trap a sample of air and measure its volume at different pressures (constant temperature), then you can determine a relation between volume and pressure. If you do this experiment, you will find that as the pressure of a gas sample increases, its volume decreases. In other words, the volume of a gas sample at constant temperature is inversely proportional to its pressure. The product of the pressure multiplied by the volume is a constant: PV k or V k/P or P k/V where P is pressure, V is volume, k is a constant, and the temperature and quantity of gas are held constant. This relationship is called Boyles Law, after Robert Boyle, who discovered it in 1660. Key Takeaways: Boyle's Law Chemistry Problems Simply put, Boyles states that for a gas at constant temperature, pressure multiplied by volume is a constant value. The equation for this is PV k, where k is a constant.At a constant temperature, if you increase the pressure of a gas, its volume decreases. If you increase its volume, the pressure decreases.The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure.Boyles law is a form of the Ideal Gas Law. At normal temperatures and pressures, it works well for real gases. However, at high temperature or pressure, it is not a valid approximation. Worked Example Problem The sections on the General Properties of Gases and Ideal Gas Law Problems may also be helpful when attempting to work Boyles Law problems. Problem A sample of helium gas at 25Â °C is compressed from 200 cm3 to 0.240 cm3. Its pressure is now 3.00 cm Hg. What was the original pressure of the helium? Solution Its always a good idea to write down the values of all known variables, indicating whether the values are for initial or final states. Boyles Law problems are essentially special cases of the Ideal Gas Law: Initial: P1 ?; V1 200 cm3; n1 n; T1 T Final: P2 3.00 cm Hg; V2 0.240 cm3; n2 n; T2 T P1V1 nRT (Ideal Gas Law) P2V2 nRT so, P1V1 P2V2 P1 P2V2/V1 P1 3.00 cm Hg x 0.240 cm3/200 cm3 P1 3.60 x 10-3 cm Hg Did you notice that the units for the pressure are in cm Hg? You may wish to convert this to a more common unit, such as millimeters of mercury, atmospheres, or pascals. 3.60 x 10-3 Hg x 10mm/1 cm 3.60 x 10-2 mm Hg 3.60 x 10-3 Hg x 1 atm/76.0 cm Hg 4.74 x 10-5 atm Source Levine, Ira N. (1978). Physical Chemistry. University of Brooklyn: McGraw-Hill.

Moments That Change You

Moments That Change You Free Online Research Papers There are few moments that really changed me. Some of these moments are no longer remembered, but others are. The story that I am about to tell is one of the forgotten moments, which is so emotional that in some point of my life, like a disavow, comes up. This story is different from other book or novels’ narrations, because this time I was the main character. This story starts with a typical Italian Sunday morning. It was stupendous day, because several components of my family had to come over to my place, for a traditional family reunion. With a bunch of food and drinks, the day past with in a relaxing and happy way. Uncle Frank was one of the invited. I always liked him because he was a humorist. He had a full white mustache, a bigger belly than a pregnant women, and a half bold head. He was not only my favorite, in fact he was loved by all of my family. I spent most of the day talking with him about random stuff, but then a phone call destroyed that happy and beautiful day that I past. My friend called me, and asked me if I was willing to go out, I told them that I was occupied, but he did not want an excuse. I was told that we had to do something that we had ever done before. I got my stuff and I got out. While I was getting out, my uncle stopped me and he said, â€Å"Where you going?†, and I answered him back, â€Å"I am gonna go with my friends†. His face looked really disappointed. I went to David’s, there we all met. We were seven guys in search of adventure. We headed to the main street of my city, it was far away form David’s and I’s. We took a walk, it was not as fun as my family reunion, but I kept going with them. While we were walking, all of my friends talked about a soccer game that we tried to organize, but I stayed quite, because I had nothing to say. We sat down in a bench in the middle of the square, and when continued talking. I was not feeling well because I did not want to leave my house, but my friends were all laughing and having fun. Anyway, we decided to go to the port, so we did. We were walking up and down the small port that we had in our city. I was starting to talk and have fun with them, but at one point, David called the attention of everybody, and pointed to a dark branch of the port. We always liked to do scary stuff, but this time I was not in the mood. But, as usual, I followed them. We decided to walk the lon gest harm of the port. It was a scary place. Big rocks formed the shape of the port’s arm. These big rocks where held in place by nothing other than the force of gravity. They were unsafe and really easy to roll them over. The water hit the two sides of the rocks like furious football players. We all climbed the rock and, naively, we decide to go to the end of the arm. I admit that I was quite scared at that point, but watching the others’ faces, I wasn’t the only one. Even at night I could see the changing of skin tone when the decision was taken. A greenish color drastically overtook the pink color, and on some of them I could see the sweat dropping as tears from their forehead. Telling jokes was the only thing that kept us calm enough from faint. For ten year old boy, in the middle of the night, this walk was a real deal. As we were walking a fisherman stopped us for some information. I could tell that he was a traveler by his strange way to talking, almost like a bear voice, deep and a strong accent on the end of each world. He asked us, â€Å"Where you’re doing on that rock?†, my friend bravely answered back â€Å"Nothing, just walking†. Point at me or the guy next to me, he said â€Å"You should go home right now before something happens to you†. As he said so, he goes back to his boat. At that point, I almost could not breathe anymore. I did not want to look like a chicken, so I kept going with them. The last thing I remember is me watching my foot go to this strange rock, and hear a big noise. After that I woke up at home, lying in my bed with all my family around me, with a mad and at the same time worried look to their face. My father asked everyone to leave the room, so that he could clarify thing to me and vice versa. But Uncle Frank, leaving the room he moved the lips trying to saying something like, â€Å"I told you to stay home, fool†. I was sad, but happy that I was home. My father said that the rock, which I was standing of, rolled into the water, and it bought me with it. Thankfully it was smaller than me and it did not fell over me. The fisherman pulled me out of the water, and brought me home. From this event, I have learned that I should follow my instinct, and do as I feel instead of what I am told, except by adults. I also have learned that doing dangerous thing is not cool at all. I wish I had listened to my uncle or the fisherman. I am also thankful that his happened so that I would not make this mistake again. This is my story, take it as a may, not a must. Research Papers on Moments That Change YouHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsThe Hockey GamePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Spring and AutumnWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentMind Travel19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Fifth Horseman

How to Reduce Academic Stress

How to Reduce Academic Stress Amidst all the aspects of college that students deal with on a daily basis finances, friendships, roommates, romantic relationships, family issues, jobs, and countless other things academics always need to take priority. After all, if you dont do well in your classes, the rest of your college experience becomes impossible. So how can you deal with all the academic stress that college can easily and rapidly put into your life? Fortunately, there are ways even the most stressed-out student can cope. Take a Good Look at Your Course Load In high school, you could easily manage 5 or 6 classes plus all of your co-curricular activities. In college, however, the entire system changes. The number of units you take has a direct connection to how busy (and stressed) youll be throughout the semester. The difference between 16 and 18 or 19 units may seem small on paper, but its a big difference in real life (especially when it comes to how much studying you have to do for each class). If youre feeling overwhelmed with your course load, take a look at the number of units youre taking. If you can drop a class without creating even more stress in your life, you might want to consider it. Join a Study Group You may be studying 24/7, but if youre not studying effectively, all that time spent with your nose in your books might actually be causing you more stress. Consider joining a study group. Doing so will help hold you accountable for getting things done on time (after all, procrastination can be a major source of stress, too), help you better understand the material, and help you combine some social time with your homework. And if there isnt a study group you can join for any (or all) of your classes, consider starting one yourself. Learn How to Study More Effectively If you arent sure how to study effectively, it wont matter if you study by yourself, in a study group, or even with a private tutor. Make sure that all of your efforts to study are matching up with what your brain needs to retain and truly understand the material. Get Help from a Peer Tutor Everyone knows those students in class who clearly are mastering the material and not having a problem doing so. Consider asking one of them to tutor you. You can offer to pay them or even deal in some kind of trade (maybe you can help fix their computer, for example, or tutor them in a subject theyre struggling with). If you arent sure whom to ask in your class, check with some of the academic support offices on campus to see if they offer peer tutoring programs, ask your professor if he or she can recommend a peer tutor, or simply look for flyers on campus from other students offering themselves as tutors. Utilize Your Professor as a Resource Your professor can be one of your best assets when it comes to reducing the stress you feel in a particular course. While it may at first be intimidating to try to get to know your professor, he or she can help you figure out what material to focus on (instead of feeling overwhelmed by thinking you have to learn everything in class). He or she can also work with you if youre really struggling with a concept or with how to best prepare for an upcoming exam. After all, what could be better for helping you reduce your academic stress than to know that youre super prepared and ready to ace the upcoming exam? Make Sure You Always  Go to Class   Sure, your professor may just be reviewing the material that was covered in the reading. But you never know what additional snippets he or she might put in, and having someone go over material you may have already read will just help to solidify it in your mind. Additionally, if your professor sees that youve been in class every day but are still having problems, he or she might be more willing to work with you. Reduce Your Non-Academic Commitments It can be easy to lose your focus, but the main reason you are in school is to graduate. If you dont pass your classes, you dont get to stay in school. That simple equation should be motivation enough to help you prioritize your commitments when your stress level begins to get a little out of control. If you dont have enough time to handle your non-academic responsibilities in a way that doesnt leave you stressed all the time, take a moment to figure out what needs to go. Your friends will understand. Get the Rest of Your College Life in Balance   Sometimes, it can be easy to forget that taking care of your physical self can do wonders for reducing your stress. Make sure youre getting enough sleep, eating healthy, and exercising on a regular basis. Think about it: Whens that last time you didnt feel less stressed after a good nights sleep, a healthy breakfast, and a good work out? Ask Upperclassmen for Advice With Difficult Professors If one of your classes or professors is greatly contributing to, or even the main cause of, your academic stress, ask students who have already taken the class how they handled it. Chances are you arent the first student to be struggling. Other students may have already figured out that your literature professor gives better grades when you quote lots of other researchers in your paper, or that your Art History professor always focuses on women artists on exams. Learning from the experiences of those who went before you can help reduce your own academic stress.

Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Portfolio - Assignment Example Currently, the roads in the area are compacted with walkways made of stone or compacted soils. However, the two way roads shared by vehicles and livestock have significant challenges during the rainy seasons and are steep and narrow. During the rainy season, the roads are cutoff by landslides as the road bridges get washed out. These transport challenges make the natives use animals to transport goods, and walk on foot so that they access facilities such as education. This means that most of the native’s time is spent on transport (Engineers without borders institute, no date). Analyse the problem statements in the context of engineering solutions collected from text books. Understand methods of construction that can be used to solve transport challenges from relevant textbooks. Make a tour visit in the area to look at the transport challenges the natives’ experience. Discuss with them about their views on the existing transport modes they have, skills required, resources available in the area, and construction materials available. Use engineering textbooks to learn various road construction methods. The success of a team is success to each of the team members and the success of an individual team member leads to the success of the team. Effective leadership is a motivational factor in the success of a team. Lattimore & Glinow (2010) define teamwork as responsibility done by several associates with each having a role to play but well coordinated to develop personal prominence and efficiency. Teamwork is achieved through the following processes; transition processes, action processes, and interpersonal processes. Transition processes occurs in between the periods of action and focuses on mission analysis, goals specification, and formulation of strategies. Action processes happen when the team tries to achieve its goals through monitoring progress, the systems, the team, and the coordination of the team. Interpersonal

Sales and Marketing in Marriott UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sales and Marketing in Marriott UK - Essay Example For this  study, a research survey will be conducted to enable the researcher to develop a deeper understanding of the sales and marketing in Marriott UK. Based on the result of the research study, the researcher will provide a recommendation on how the hotel manager in Marriott could increase its profitability. In general, a strategic questioning is highly correlated with the accuracy and validity of the survey results such that the data that has been collected through an interview process and other data gathering techniques must always be appropriate to the research question of the study. For this reason, it is necessary for the interviewer to properly prepare the type of questions to be asked of each participant. (Richards, 2003, Chapter 2; Richards, 2006) The only way to achieve good quality questionnaires is by thorough proper understanding and analysis of the main purpose of the study. Since this study is designed to determine an effective marketing strategy that could significantly increase sales of Marriott UK, the researcher designed the survey questionnaire in a way that it could enable the researcher to accurately determine the specific areas that need to be improved in order to increase the customer satisfaction of each tourist who is currently staying at Marriott UK. (See Appendix I – Survey Questionnaire on page 10) According to Keith Richard (2006), ‘understanding the research process is important when a researcher has chosen to adopt a qualitative research study in order to avoid heading in a wrong direction.’ Once the researcher has already written a list of possible survey questions, it is essential for the researcher to go through the questions again in order to detect any specific questions that need to be refined. Basically, there is absolutely no limitation as to how an interview should be conducted.

Energy Supply and Demand and Future Growth Essay

Energy Supply and Demand and Future Growth - Essay Example This essay stresses that a challenge for Asia primarily to meet the growing demand for energy in the future in a sustainable manner. Unfortunately, however, these countries own only 1% of the world energy resources and thus must rely on imports. The good news is that these countries have abundant resources to generate energy from renewable resources. This, nevertheless, requires huge investments in energy infrastructure- about $1.1 trillion- in addition to another investment of $390 billion to meet the energy requirements between 2008 and 2030. This paper makes a conclusion that the future of the energy markets rest entirely on how the world will respond to the global growing needs of energy though the task is very difficult. Implementation of commitment, anyhow, is the key to the solution for countries individually as well globally. Therefore, a large scale action is required to achieve global energy supply targets. The use energy has bestowed man with the coziness and contentment of the modern technological world. The comforts and the gains from the ever-improving technology, nonetheless, rest on how the world answers the question of shortfalls in the energy supply. Importantly at first, all the countries need to realize the importance of energy conservation. Secondly, more and more alternative sources must be discovered to provide energy abundantly at the lowest possible cost. Ultimately, the world needs to act collectively to gain the advantages of combined resources, knowledge and technologies.

Chinese Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chinese Contract Law - Essay Example China views this as a way of enhancing political stability. Labor and business interest groups have been the most affected by the contact law. Many businesses have been forced to close as the cost of production increased. History and role of contract law Contracts are perceived to be the backbone of any market economy. China adopted a contract law in 1999. The law was divided into general and specific provisions. Besides, the contract law had supplementary provisions. The Chinese borrowed heavily from UNIDROIT principles. The laws had been drafted to cover a wide scope of contract issues. However, the Chinese needed a superior law that would sustain the economic growth. This led to enactment of another contract law in 2008. Contractual relationships are the essence of business transactions. Many countries agree that one of the keys of economic development is contact enforceability (Chow 2002). The usage of credit and capital is critical to the mechanism of market economy (Glinow & Te agarden 1988). Contracts are enforceable in a court of law, and this secures the possibility of credit sales. Weber argues that rationalization is one of the major characteristics of the modern society. Tasks are completed through broken down processes. The specialized rules are accessed in terms of the exact figures. Through this, future events are managed in a rational way. The process enables large-scale transactions to be conducted (Kitch 1980). A telling example is modern accounting. Accounts are broken down in balance sheets. This is followed by profit and loss accounts. The financial status of a business can be explained in terms of assets and liabilities (Zhang 2006). This explains when contract law is viewed as influential when it comes to economic and infrastructural development. China is no longer a place where cheap knock off products are developed (Jespersen & Skjoett-Larsen 2003). Although the practice of producing counterfeits continues, the quality of modern counterf eits is improved tremendously. The Chinese contact law puts immense emphasis on the clarity of contracts. Article 12 stipulates and describes what the contents of a written contract should be. Advantages of contract law China is nearly meeting the international standards when it comes to contractual legislation. The contract law has eliminated ambiguities when it comes to guidelines on entering into contractual agreements in China. Therefore, the outcome of foreign business contracts is predictable. Benefits The major provision of that gives credible interpretation to Chinese contact law is article 125. The contractual obligations can be supplemented through the provisions of the law (Yongping & Weidi 2008). This occurs when something vital fails to be captured in a contract. Some of those sources include the provision of laws, principle of good faith and transaction usage (Yongping & Weidi 2008). Articles 5 and 6 are firm on the concepts of good faith and fairness. These are some o f the benefits of the Chinese contract laws to the foreigners (Jespersen & Skjoett-Larsen 2003). There is an intentional move by the Chinese contract law to create a conducive environment for the foreigners. However, some of the provisions of the new law have an impact on the profitability of the foreign businesses. The article 92 of the Chinese contract law governs post contractual duties between the involved parties. The article suggests an employee is expected to act in a reasonable way

Case Analysis on Human Resource Management Essay - 1

Case Analysis on Human Resource Management - Essay Example Line ,managers are the people who engineer effective human resource management. These managers link people with different missions. Linking people together and the human capital will require trained human resource managers who will be resourceful in acting strategically on issues concerning human resources management. Human resource management should be addressed as the firm’s business issues. The human resources managers should put much emphasis on the effectiveness of the business, maximizing profits, and the overall business survival. The line managers are very instrumental in making sure that the human resource issues are well managed. Lucent Technologies have made greater achievements in the human management issues. Their employees (managerial and professional) are highly motivated people a thing that has greatly contributed in the success of the company. These have seen it being the leading company in the technological field. It has a good repute on issues relating to staff recruitment, promotion of its employees to different managerial ranks and the overall management issues that has led to the inclusion of women as their employees thus gender sensitive. However, Lucent Technology is facing management challenges and is not sure about the future of its employees who are of hourly basis, this is because its competitors who include Cisco systems concentrate on manufacturing to smaller firms a move that help reduce costs, similar impacts are made on Lucent. The company CEO Mr. Henry Schacht is determined in making considerable changes in the company by making it move from manufacturing oriented to technological oriented a thing that has contributed to the increased productivity. Its growth in the first four years has been very successful under the leadership of Henry Schacht . He has organized the firm into eleven business units as an expansion strategy. Lucent technologies have created

Chinese Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chinese Contract Law - Essay Example China views this as a way of enhancing political stability. Labor and business interest groups have been the most affected by the contact law. Many businesses have been forced to close as the cost of production increased. History and role of contract law Contracts are perceived to be the backbone of any market economy. China adopted a contract law in 1999. The law was divided into general and specific provisions. Besides, the contract law had supplementary provisions. The Chinese borrowed heavily from UNIDROIT principles. The laws had been drafted to cover a wide scope of contract issues. However, the Chinese needed a superior law that would sustain the economic growth. This led to enactment of another contract law in 2008. Contractual relationships are the essence of business transactions. Many countries agree that one of the keys of economic development is contact enforceability (Chow 2002). The usage of credit and capital is critical to the mechanism of market economy (Glinow & Te agarden 1988). Contracts are enforceable in a court of law, and this secures the possibility of credit sales. Weber argues that rationalization is one of the major characteristics of the modern society. Tasks are completed through broken down processes. The specialized rules are accessed in terms of the exact figures. Through this, future events are managed in a rational way. The process enables large-scale transactions to be conducted (Kitch 1980). A telling example is modern accounting. Accounts are broken down in balance sheets. This is followed by profit and loss accounts. The financial status of a business can be explained in terms of assets and liabilities (Zhang 2006). This explains when contract law is viewed as influential when it comes to economic and infrastructural development. China is no longer a place where cheap knock off products are developed (Jespersen & Skjoett-Larsen 2003). Although the practice of producing counterfeits continues, the quality of modern counterf eits is improved tremendously. The Chinese contact law puts immense emphasis on the clarity of contracts. Article 12 stipulates and describes what the contents of a written contract should be. Advantages of contract law China is nearly meeting the international standards when it comes to contractual legislation. The contract law has eliminated ambiguities when it comes to guidelines on entering into contractual agreements in China. Therefore, the outcome of foreign business contracts is predictable. Benefits The major provision of that gives credible interpretation to Chinese contact law is article 125. The contractual obligations can be supplemented through the provisions of the law (Yongping & Weidi 2008). This occurs when something vital fails to be captured in a contract. Some of those sources include the provision of laws, principle of good faith and transaction usage (Yongping & Weidi 2008). Articles 5 and 6 are firm on the concepts of good faith and fairness. These are some o f the benefits of the Chinese contract laws to the foreigners (Jespersen & Skjoett-Larsen 2003). There is an intentional move by the Chinese contract law to create a conducive environment for the foreigners. However, some of the provisions of the new law have an impact on the profitability of the foreign businesses. The article 92 of the Chinese contract law governs post contractual duties between the involved parties. The article suggests an employee is expected to act in a reasonable way

Tariffs and Non-Tariffs Barriers Research Paper

Tariffs and Non-Tariffs Barriers - Research Paper Example Control of imports is done through tariffs and non-tariffs barriers, which are part of global financing and exchange rates. A tariff is a form of trade barrier imposed on goods imported in that particular country by the government of the same nation in from of a tax (Saranovic, 2006). The tariff imposed, adds to the cost of the imported goods and can be adjusted at any given time. Such adjustments are meant to protect locally manufactured products from unhealthy competition from cheap imports. Tariffs come in two types; ad valorem and specific (Hill, 2004). For the case of specific tax, it is meant to enforce a set barrier in form of tax to a specific imported product without considering the variation in the value. For instance, if a specific tax of 75 cents was imposed on mobile phones in the United Kingdom, then it means that the government will be gaining 75 cents on every mobile phone disregarding the price of the phone. For the case of ad valorem tax, it is imposed inform of fix ed percentage on the value of the imported goods. ... The first form is quotas. Quotas refer to the limitations imposed on the quantity of imports by the government. This means that the government puts a limit to the quantity of particular goods that can enter a country in a given time; they are normally enforced together with the import tax where by if the limit is exceed, then the government will impose higher tax on the same. The second type on non-tariff barrier is voluntary export restriction; this refers to a situation where by the government restrict the quantity of goods being exported to another country. Thirdly, there is anti-dumping barrier. This type is imposed on the commodities that have a harmful effect on the environment and might incur some dumping cost on the consumer. In this case, the goods are sold at slightly higher prices than they would have been sold in the home market (WTO, 2006). Lastly, there is subsidy. It refers to financial aid by the government to the local industries to make it possible for them to compe te favorably with the international companies. In this case, the domestic companies are in a better position to manufacturer their products cheaply with aid of latest technology such that the imported products are out-competed. Due to the analysis of tariffs and non-tariff barriers, it is evident that they have a great bearing in relation to the global financing operations. For instance, in the case of manufacturing operations, the company involved may chose to manufacture from the home country and then export the manufactured goods or manufacture its commodities from the country endowed with raw materials duce to high tax of importation of raw materials. In addition, the company may opt to manufacture the products from the country with the ready market then sell within

Training and Development of Employees Essay Example for Free

Training and Development of Employees Essay Bahria University Karachi Campus Human Resource Development (HRD) Questionnaire Respondent’s Name: ________ ___________________ Organization: __________________________Division/Department: ___________________ Position/Designation: ____________________ Date: ______________________ Instructions a) Please fill out the questionnaire and kindly check ( the appropriate box where it deemed necessary b) In advance we are highly indebted for your full cooperation and professional support in filling out this questionnaire Q.1 Could you please cost some light, on the profile of both the Parent and Subsidiary Company? [pic][pic] Q.2 In HRD it is important to carry out, Strategic / Organization analysis in this context Could you please tell us in the analysis that how do you identify the following? a. Organization’s goals b. Organization’s resources c. Organization’s climate d. Environmental constraints Please elaborate. [pic][pic] Q.3) It is imperative for the HRD Specialists to undertake important activity like assessing the HRD†s need in the Organization. By using various methods kindly explain what is the situation in your Organization? Please provide the details. [pic][pic] Q.4) Do you think that the HRD†s need assessment is yielding the requisite results? Yes(No (In either case please provide the details [pic][pic] Q.5) In designing the effective HRD programs/ interventions do you need the following activities among others? 1. Define the objectives of the HRD intervention. 2. The â€Å"Make-Versus-Buy† Decisions related to the HRD programs. 3. Selecting the trainer. 4. Preparing a lesson program 5. Selecting training methods and media. 6. Preparing training materials. 7. Scheduling and HRD program. Kindly provide your perspectives briefly on the above sighted HRD designing programs within from a to e. a)._____________ b)._______________ c).__________________ d)._______________ e).________________ f)._____________________ g)._______________ Q.6 Are you content with designing effective HRD programs in your Organization? Check the appropriate Box Yes(No (In either case please provide the details [pic][pic] Q.7 There are various methods to deliver the training namely. a. On Job Training. b. Job Rotation. c. The Lecture Approach. d. Discussion Methods. e. Experiential Methods. f. Self Based/ Computer Based Methods. Could you please tell us which method is preferred in your Organization and why. Kindly elaborate. [pic][pic] Q.8 The MNC†s do realize the fact that to implement the HRD programs Physical environments do carry high weightage. Kindly tell us your perspective on this aspect and provide us details. [pic][pic] Q.9 Could you please tell us do you carry out the evaluation of HRD programs and how often in terms of its frequency? Please provide the details. [pic][pic] Q.10 The most popular and influential framework provided by Kirkpatrick’s Evaluation Framework advocated four criteria’s namely. a). Reaction (level 1) b). Learning (level 2) c). Job Behavior (level 3) d).Results (level 4) Are you using the same set of framework? Yes(No ( If answer is â€Å"No† please provide the details which evaluation model your organization is using and consequently its satisfaction level. Please provide details [pic][pic] Q.11 Do you use coaching to improve poor performance? Check the appropriate Box Yes(No (In either case please provide the details. [pic][pic] Q.12 In your perspective what skills are necessary for effective coaching? a).__________________ b).__________________ c).__________________ [pic][pic] Q.13 It is common to witness that MNC†s has a system in place which governs the employees assistance programs. Do you have such program? Please provide the list and comment on its effectiveness. [pic][pic] Q.14 HRD covers the areas of Career Management and Career Development what programs and activities do you have in this context. Please provide the list. Are you satisfied with the current Career Management and Career Development? Yes(No (In either case please provide the details. [pic][pic] Q.15 HRD Specialist also serves as a change agent and actively participates in designing and implements the intervention strategies in the organization. Kindly tell us what the situation in your organization is. [pic][pic] Before we depart, we once again extend our sincere thanks for enlightening us with your invaluable inputs and insights. Finally, if you have any comments/observations which you think is critical for our assignment, please provide the details [pic][pic] Interviewers: 1. _______________________________ 2.__________________________ 3. _______________________________ Bahria University Karachi Campus

Analysing The Sustainability Of The London Olympics Environmental Sciences Essay

Analysing The Sustainability Of The London Olympics Environmental Sciences Essay The theme and heart of the Olympics and the Paralympic Games 2012 is sustainability. The sustainable approach will lead to long lasting environmental, social and economic benefits through regeneration and legacy (Pointer and Mercury, 2009). The Commission for a Sustainable London 2012 was launched on 23 January 2007 to independently assure Londons 2012 pledge to host the sustainable Games. Source: http://www.london2012.com The reason for London to host the 2012 Olympic Games was the sustainable aspect of the Games and the site. The London Olympic Games are set to make history on carbon reduction issues and is the first of its kind concerning the infrastructure and worldwide publicity of Games. The venue of the 2012 Games will be the two hundred and forty-six hectare Olympic Park in east London and the western edge of the Thames Gateway. East London is the most diverse and most deprived community in the UK, the idea behind the project was to regenerate the whole city. To clean and clear the Olympic Park, sustainable techniques were utilised to recycle and reuse ninety percent of the demolition material and eighty percent of soil on site. The government is putting their best effort to achieve short and long term goals. A good progress is being made in the area of sustainable design and construction to achieve energy efficiency. The Olympics committee have planned to minimise the environmental impact and have set a zero carbon policy for 2012. The organisations responsible for London 2012 Games are the London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) to plan and stage the Games and the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) to build the venues and infrastructure for the Games. The London 2012 Olympic offers opportunities for London to improve infrastructure being environmentally sustainable. The London 2012 organising committee has developed a policy to set out the idea of sustainability, One Planet Living and has a plan to achieve these goals. The committee wants United Kingdom TO BE the worlds leading sporting nation, MAKE the Olympic Park a guide to sustainable living, TRANSFORM east London to a better place, INSPIRE young people to take part in social and cultural activities, DEMONSTRATE the country is a welcoming place to all. In 2006, few construction commitments were developed for the Olympics 2012. The committee wanted an integrated project team that works together to achieve the best possible outcomes and which includes designers, builders, architects, environmental analysts and sustainability developers to achieve designs that are innovative, creative and capable of meeting necessary objectives, using modern methods of construction, with the theme of sustainability and ensuring health and safety standards. The Olympics 2012 plan involves three main phases i.e. the preparation, event staging and building an ever lasting heritage. The 2012 games preparation involves design and construction of the Olympic Park and infrastructure, keeping sustainability the theme of the project, to create an influence on the construction techniques for the country as sustainability is a relatively new concept. The 2012 games must secure a legacy for the Olympic Park area and the UK to be a platform for sustainable regener ation programme. The important factor for the planning and construction is the sourcing of materials, waste management, construction impacts and benefits, employment and bio-diversity affects. Reducing Carbon footprint of Olympics I Energy The main key to reduce carbon dioxide emissions is the provision of renewable energy with high level of efficiency, the authorities want to produce clean energy wastes and sewage. The Olympic committee and the London development authority are setting a new energy recovery plant that uses waste to generate renewable energy, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The main concern for the games is the carbon footprint of permanent venues and the embodied energy of the structures for temporary venues. II Waste One of the issues is to eliminate and handle waste and try to reuse, recycle or compost it, it has been ensured that no waste arising during Olympics will be directly send to landfill. The recycled material will be used for food packaging systems to avoid contamination. Source: London 2012 sustainability plan III Water resource management The sustainability issue for the games includes provision of clean drinking water, recycling grey water, managing flood risks. This will be achieved by imposing water saving technologies, reducing demand of water and designing efficient landscape for the city. IV Air Quality Good air quality is a priority consideration for the games to ensure the best conditions for world athletes to compete in, the pollution will be reduced to a minimum during the games. V Biodiversity Biodiversity conservation is a part of the development of many 2012 venues, ensuring no significant adverse effect on habitats or species. VI Materials Selection of materials is a main part of the sustainable sourcing, the purpose and use is identified, keeping in mind the local source of the material, cost and value for money, its pay back time, environmental and social impacts and the scope to reuse or recycle. VII Transport The London 2012s sustainable transport schemes encourage people to travel to London venues by the sustainable modes public transport, walking or cycling and use of rail over air transport to minimise the carbon emissions and impacts on air quality generated by the transport. VIII Food The vision for the food during games is to provide diverse and good quality British food and drinks at affordable prices which will leave a strong, sustainable legacy for UK by nurturing commercial partnerships. VIII Health and Safety London 2012 is committed to promote healthy living among the workforce by provision of healthy food in the site canteens, auditing caterers on the park by Environmental Health Offices (EHOs), not allowing alcohol on the sites and delivering health and safety educational programme for children residing near the site. IX Equality and Diversity The London Olympics 2012 will raise job opportunities in London by 70,000 by 2012 (job volunteer London 2012), the community believes in equality among men, women, races and disabled people. The London Olympics 2012 have set five priority themes for sustainability. For change in climate issues, their aim is to minimise carbon footprint of Games and the development as a whole, which will be achieved by minimising embodied energy affects, optimising energy efficiency and use of renewable energy resources. The Olympics are trying to develop a waste management infrastructure reuse, reduce, recycle, compost and use waste to produce energy. The area hosting Olympics will be developed by physical, social and economic regeneration and by enhancing ecology of the venues to conserve nature. The Games and the legacy will promote a healthy lifestyle for British and make them aware of the sustainability aspects (London 2012 sustainability plan). The Olympics will provide a platform to solutions for developing infrastructure, energy and water resource management, transport, local food production, carbon mitigation and adaptation.

Frankenfoods Essay -- Biotechnology Farming Agriculture Essays

Frankenfoods Biotechnology and genetically modified organisms have gained quite a bit of notoriety in the past decade. Proponents of biotechnology are claiming that genetic modification will revolutionize agriculture and medicine and overall benefit human kind far beyond the reaches of imagination. On the other side of the issue, there are those who claim that genetic modification is dangerous and unneeded. But is either side correct? Will GMOs revolutionize the food and health industries or will they cause damage and downfall? Moreover, is it even ethical to tamper with nature and release science fiction into the food supply? GMOs and the History Behind Them Genetic modification has been present in agriculture since the Egyptians and the Sumerians first developed it over four thousand years ago. While modification was first used at a very basic level, today it involves implantation of DNA from one organism to another. The basis for genetic modification occurred in the 1970's when the technology to isolate individual genes and alter and copy them in cells was developed. In 1994, the first genetically modified crop, the Flavr Savr Tomato, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for sale and consumption 1. Since then the GMOs have taken over the agriculture industry with over 22 percent (or roughly 60-70% of commercially sold foods) of crops worldwide being GM crops. The basis of modern biotechnology began in 1953 when a biologist and a physicist by the names of Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA2 . Since then, scientists have discovered ways to manipulate DNA and even transfer the DNA from one organism to another. Current genetic modification involves a process in which a gene segment literally g... ..., 18 Nov. 2003, Shah, Anup. Genetically Engineered Food. 2001. 18 Nov. 2003. < http://www.globalissues.org/EnvIssues/GEFood.asp> Stone, Brad. The Flavr Savr Arrives, 1994, 18 Nov. 2003, Sutton,Jason. Trasngenetic Crops: An Introductio and Resource Guide, 2002, Traynor,Marty. Hazards of Antibiotic Resistance Genes ni GE Foods, 2002, Wright,Robert. Molrcular Biologists James Watson and Francis Crick, 18 Nov. 2003, http://www.biotechnology.gov.au/biotechnologyOnline/interactives/gene_splicing_interactive.htm

Piagetian Conservation Tasks Case Study Essay -- Piagetian Conservatio

Overview My case subject is Regina Holms, a second grader, from County Elementary School. Before I interviewed the subject, I received permission for her guardian. During the interview, Regina and I conversed while working on one of the seven Piagetian tasks, the volume task. During this task, Regina’s stage of development was determined. I chose the volume task, where she had to recognize if two different size glasses held the same amount of water in each glass. Moreover, we are focusing on intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, types of anxiety and self-handicapping; in order to observe her motivation during this task. In order to further evaluate, I asked her older sibling Wendy, a seventh grader to observe motivation. We will also be focusing on personal and social development, where we will be focusing on personality and temperament and her peer relationship with her sister. Cognitive Development (Piagetian Stages of Development) Jean Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development determines how children from birth to adulthood use their intelligence or cognitive development while engaging in tasks. The first stage of cognitive development is called the Sensorimotor Stage (birth to age 2). During this stage, children tend to learn by â€Å"trial and error†, objects exist even if they are removed from sight, and symbols are introduced (Ormrod, 2012, 149). The second stage of cognitive development is Preoperational Stage (age 2 to age 7). During this stage, children’s â€Å"vocabulary and grammatical structures rapidly develops† (Ormrod, 2012, 149), and children uses their â€Å"intuition rather than on conscious awareness of logical principles† (Ormrod, 2012, 149). The third stage of cognitive development is Concrete Operations Sta... ...ir adolescents, while girls focus on their physical appearance and peer relationships. I am in constant contact with Regina, and I have displayed her desire to â€Å"fit in†. Because of her desire to socially fit, I knew having her sister sit in during the interview would motivate Regina to take the interview seriously and try to perform well. By performing a simple task, I was able to determine that Regina is in the concrete operations stage of cognitive development. In addition, I found that Regina has a healthy self-concept, self-efficacy, and self-esteem for her age group. Yes, peer relationships has slightly affected Regina’s performance; however, she used extrinsic motivation to accomplish her goal. Works Cited Ormrod, J. E. (2012). Essentials of educational psychology: Big ideas to guide effective teaching, 3rd, ed. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Mobile phone Essay

Korea then adopted 3G Networks soon after and the transition was made as early as 2004. 2. 5G† (and even 2. 75G) are technologies such as i-mode data services, camera phones, high-speed circuit-switched data (HSCSD) and General packet radio service (GPRS) that provide some functionality domains like 3G networks, but without the full transition to 3G network. They were built to introduce the possibilities of wireless application technology to the end consumers, and so increase demand for 3G services. When converting a GSM network to a UMTS network, the first new technology is General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). It is the trigger to 3G services. The network connection is always on, so the subscriber is online all the time. From the operator’s point of view, it is important that GPRS investments are re-used when going to UMTS. Also capitalizing on GPRS business experience is very important. From GPRS, operators could change the network directly to UMTS, or invest in an EDGE system. One advantage of EDGE over UMTS is that it requires no new licenses. The frequencies are also re-used and no new antennas are needed. Doing my research I found that the Third Generation of Wireless networks are better than the second generation because of the speed and time it takes to download. Keywords TDMA- Time Division Multiple Access GSM – Global System for Mobile Communication GPRS – General Packet Radio Service EDGE – Enhanced Data GSM Enviroment CDMA – Code Division Multiple Accsss Introduction In this research paper, I am trying to figure out the difference between the second generation and the third generation of mobile phones standards and technology. My objective is to compare the second generation to the third generation and give some pros and con on the technologies. I want to prove that the third generation standards are far better than the second generation. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or wires. The distances involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or very long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications). When the context is clear the term is often simply shortened to â€Å"wireless†. Wireless communications is generally considered to be a branch of telecommunications. Cellular phones use radio waves to enable the operator to make phone calls from many locations world-wide. They can be used anywhere that there is a cellular telephone site to house the equipment that is required to transmit and receive the signal that is used to transfer both voice and data to and from these instruments. Second Generation 2G cellular telecoms networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted, 2G systems were significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages. 3G first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Germany branded FOMA, in May 2001 on a pre-release of W-CDMA-GA3Y technology. The first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on October 1, 2001. The second network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G network was launched by KTF on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G operators. Comparison of 2G and 3G 2G refers to second generation wireless telecommunication technology. While its predecessor, 1G, made use of analog radio signals, 2G uses digital radio signals. Based on what type of multiplexing (the process of combining multiple digital data streams into one signal) is employed, 2G technologies ay be categorized by whether they are based on time division multiple access (TDMA) or code division multiple accesses (CDMA). TDMA-based 2G standards include the following: Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), used worldwide; Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (IDEN), developed by Motorola and used in the United States and Canada; Interim Standard 136 (IS-136) or Digital Advanced M obile Phone System (D-AMPS), used in North and South America; and Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), used in Japan. 2G makes use of a CODEC (compression-decompression algorithm) to compress and multiplex digital voice data. Through this technology, a 2G network can pack more calls per amount of bandwidth as a 1G network. 2G cell phone units were generally smaller than 1G units, since they emitted less radio power. Another advantage of 2G over 1G is that the battery life of a 2G handset lasts longer, again due to the lower-powered radio signals. Since it transmitted data through digital signals, 2G also offered additional services such as SMS and e-mail. Its lower power emissions also made 2G handsets safer for consumers to use. Error checking, a feature allowed by digital voice encoding, improved sound quality by reducing dynamic and lowering the noise floor. Digital voice encoding also made the calls less susceptible to unwanted eavesdropping from third parties, due to the use of radio scanners. 2G, however, does have its disadvantages as well. In comparison to 1G’s analog signals, 2G’s digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handset made a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be enough to reach it. While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poor quality than that of a 2G handset, it survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to the digital signal, which had a jagged, angular curve. As conditions worsen, the quality of a call made from a 1G handset would gradually worsen, but a call made from a 2G handset would fail completely. Some of the advantages of a 2G network are the lower powered radio signals require less battery power, so phones last much longer between charges, and batteries can be smaller. The digital voice encoding allowed digital error checking which could increase sound quality by reducing dynamic and lowering the noise floor. The lower power emissions helped address health concerns. Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners. While the security algorithms used have proved not to be as secure as initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than 1G phones, which have no protection against eavesdropping. Some of the disadvantage of the 2G network is in less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed. Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through. While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy compression used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they convey is reduced. 3G wireless networks are capable of transferring data at speeds of up to 384Kbps. Average speeds for 3G networks will range between 64Kbps and 384Kbps, quite a jump when compared to common wireless data speeds in the United States that are often slower than a 14. 4Kb modem. 3G is considered high-speed or broadband mobile Internet access, and in the future 3G networks are expected to reach speeds of more than 2Mbps. The 3G technologies are turning phones and other devices into multimedia players, making it possible to download music and video clips. The new service is called the â€Å"freedom of mobile multimedia access† (FOMA), and it uses wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) technology to transfer data over its networks. W-CDMA sends data in a digital format over a range of frequencies, which makes the data move faster, but also uses more bandwidth than digital voice services. W-CDMA is not the only 3G technology; competing technologies include CDMA One, which differs technically, but should provide similar services.

Emotional Quotient Essay

Daniel Goleman has provided the most comprehensive view to date of the skills necessary for healthy personality development. Goleman reported that the usual way of looking at intelligence as only psychological abilities contributes about 20 percent to the factors that determine life success. 80 percent of the skills necessary for life success is determined by what he calls emotional intelligence (EQ) (Wilson, Douville-Watson, & Watson, 2002). In humans, infancy is a critical window of time. If the neurons are not properly formed and connections are improperly made, the effects can haunt a child for his lifetime. When the foundation of the brain’s architecture is properly in place, it can set the stage for future filled with potential. The foundation for emotional intelligence is formed during this period and continues for years (Schmidt, 2007). Recent evidence suggests that temperament and social environment contribute to the development of emotional labeling. Early emotional development suggests that the decoding component of emotion labeling and infants’ expressive responses to the detection of emotion signals has innate determinants and mainly a function of the emotion perception and expression systems. The emotion perception and emotion expression systems in infants are highly pre-adapted to facilitate infant-other communication. Furthermore, early studies showed that one component of EQ, children’s emotional labeling, predicted positive behavioral outcomes, after controlling for verbal and performance components of general intelligence. The ability of young infants to perceive emotion signals, discriminate among them, respond to them in meaningful ways suggest that emotional competence and adaptability has heritability and some independence of psychological development (Roberts, Matthews, & Zeidner, 2002).

Academic Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Academic Writing - Essay Example The writer must also try and avoid the use of alliteration in order to make the essay sound definitive. Every excellent piece of academic writing must contain a break between sentences; longer sentences are tougher to comprehend and thus parenthetical clauses should be avoided as far as possible. The writing should be as precise as possible because making use of various adjectives and adverbs within a single sentence creates the impression of redundancy. As far as possible, the writer should avoid writing with contractions and exclamation marks should not be used. The style of the writing also needs to be consistent in order to maintain a flow of the article and keep the reader hooked. A proper critique and evaluation of the subject must be followed with a summary, conclusion as well as proper references as well. A rhetorical mode is essentially a strategy that helps to present a piece of writing. Various rhetorical modes of academic writing are used in the form of a compare contrast method, cause and effect relationship, argument, classification, exemplification, description and narration. Every paragraph within such a piece of writing should contain at least one of these modes because they assist in making careful analyses of the subject that is being talked about within the paper. Research terminology on the other hand, helps a person to comprehend how one may read and interpret an academic essay in order to apply what one has learnt in an effective manner. They include aspects like an abstract, construct, correlation, statistics, validity etc. Finally, every academic article is also a piece of intellectual property; it must thus have an honest attribution attached to it. Plagiarism is a way of stealing another person’s written work and using it as one’s own. In other words, plagiarism means using accidentally or deliberately, another person’s written material without providing

Hiring Police Academy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hiring Police Academy - Essay Example Here, it is the danger that creates a bond among all the officers alike because there are no barriers of race or class. At the Academy, they live as one great community by overcoming racial and caste differences while sharing rich experiences. The job of police personnel in the Academy is unique because it gives them an identity of great importance. Training at the Police Academy though strenuous, does give one the impression that it is a very well – disciplined organization that transforms its recruits into highly trained professionals. Trainees learn the different military commands and violations are strictly punished while efficiency is well rewarded. Trainees do not possess police powers nor are they allowed possession of a gun, but after their training they are allowed to do these things. Ethics (chap.5) by Crank and Caldero (2004) is one of the most important and popular subjects in the criminal justice system which goes to prove that ethical values have to be inculcated into police officers regime for more favorable and respectable outcomes. Screening recruits on the basis of knowledge and values has become a priority when choosing people before imparting training. Pre- hiring procedures include Knowledge testing, physical fitness and agility, background, psychological testing besides a polygraph and oral interview.

Contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contract law - Essay Example Legal Status of the Advertisement The advertisement has been issued to public at large. Akono has given his email address and telephone number in the advertisement for this purpose. Generally, advertisements  are invitations to treat. In  Patridge v Crittenden [1968], Lord C. J. Parker said, ‘when one is dealing with advertisements and circulars, unless they indeed come from manufacturers, there is business sense in their being construed as invitations to treat and not offers for sale’. Also, consideration is an important constituent in a valid contract. The expression ‘willing to pay ?100 or more’ in the advertisement shows that the consideration is undetermined. In Harvey  and Anor v  Facey  and Ors  [1893], it was held that the mere statement of the lowest price at which the vendor would sell contains no implied contract to sell at that price to the persons making the inquiry. Similarly, in this case Akono is not bound to buy at any particular price. The advertisement is given with the intention to induce people to respond with their offers. Any response to the advertisement cannot be treated as an acceptance, though it is stated as ‘Please phone or email to accept’ in the advertisement. The advertisement is an invitation to offers in this case. ... In Hyde v Wrench (1840), it was held that the counteroffer rejected the offer previously made, and it was not competent afterwards to revive the original proposal. In this case, Akono states, ‘If you want to sell it to me, I need to receive your response on paper by the morning of Friday 5 October’, which is a counteroffer. This should be treated as rejection of the original offer. On Tuesday evening, Ju posts a letter to Akono, agreeing to take the ?100 for her Dumbledore costume. Her letter does not arrive until Saturday, 6 October. Akono did not receive any valid acceptance from Ju within the stipulated time. In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co [1893],   L. J. Bowen said, ‘where a person in an offer made by him to another person, expressly or impliedly intimates a particular mode of acceptance as sufficient to make the bargain binding, it is only necessary for the other person to whom such offer is made to follow the indicated method of acceptance...’ I f the statement ‘I’ll only pay ? 100’ by Akono is treated as an offer, it is a conditional offer, the condition being receipt of Ju’s acceptance on paper by the morning of Friday, 5 October. It was held in Holwell Securities v Hughes [1974] that the words ‘notice in writing’ mean notice received by the offeror. Since the conditionality with regard to ‘acceptance on paper’ is not met by Ju, the acceptance is not valid. On Wednesday, 3 October, Akono posted a letter to Ju, stating that he no longer wanted her costume. The offeror can revoke his offer any time before its acceptance (Ramsgate Victoria Hotel Co v Montefiore 1866) and hence, this revocation is valid. Akono v Bob Ju gets her friend Bob to telephone on 4 October to ascertain the receipt of the letter posted by

Harlem poet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Harlem poet - Essay Example Claude McKay, a Jamaican-American poet, expressed concern over the heightened tension that emanated from racism that existed in the 1920s. His role during the Harlem Renaissance had outstanding impacts on a number of readers of poems. Some of his poems were quite militant with the core objective of challenging the brutal leadership experienced by the blacks. He was of key contribution in condemning the leadership while expressing the challenges faced by the blacks to cope with the racial tension at that time. He is iconic for advocating for the consideration of humanity and fair treatment of the oppressed. The celebration of the traditions and heritage of blacks was a key characteristic of the Harlem Renaissance. One of McKay’s most celebrated pieces of literature include If We Must Die poem. The piece of work was a justification of the rights of the blacks, who at the time experienced serious exclusion and segregation (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2003). In the poem, he stated that blacks were confident to wage against the forces of tyranny given their resilience. He writes, in the poem, that blacks intend to â€Å"fight back† (Shmoop, 2010) even when facing death. The major theme that is evident is prejudice and abuse. He expressed the plight of the blacks and the brutal leadership that they experienced. Langston Hughes wrote inspirational poems during the period of the 1920s. He is prominent for his role in spearheading the upcoming literary appreciation during Harlem Renaissance. Through the poems, he encouraged the pleasure of the traditions of the blacks and their heritage. Among his inspirational poetic works was the poem, The Weary Blues. The theme of art and culture of the Negro is evident through the poem. He describes the relationship between art and culture as confusing and initiates weariness. The theme of race is evident from the poem, as well. The African

Fall of the House of Usher Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fall of the House of Usher Journal - Essay Example Homosexuality is an implied vice in the story. In their first meeting, Roderick Usher greets him with energetic warmth that creates a sense of an overdone cordiality. The association of the Narrator and Roderick is not entirely elaborated, the narrator describes Usher as a boyhood friend and further elaborates that they were intimate during their childhood. Usher writes the Narrator a letter asking him to accord him company during the distressful time, implies sexual attraction between the two friends. Despite being terrified by the house of Usher and his illness, the narrator cannot resist the attraction to the twisted world of Roderick (Poe and David 61). There is an implication that Roderick and Madeline are inseparable. Madeline coming back after being buried could be perceived as a ghost coming back for revenge or simply hallucinations of Roderick, to help him remember her. The possibility that Madeline and Roderick are halves of the same person, who can only co-exist together. When Madeline dies, Roderick prefers to entomb her inside the house as opposed to using the family`s

Final Paper Essay Example for Free

Final Paper Essay Target corporation is one of the biggest retailers there is out there, bringing in an estimate of $74 million dollars a year in revenue. Majority of Target revenue is earned during the busiest time of the year, which are Black Friday and holidays. Target has had a huge positive reputation because of the â€Å"Expect More Pay Less† promise and giving 5% back to the community. However, Target has been going through some hard times because of the Target breach that occurred during the holidays of 2013. This research paper will focus first on introducing the Target breach and how it has affected the company and what the company has done to fix the problem. Moving forward, I will focus on internal controls that Target could have applied and summarizing everything towards the end. Target Breach Internal Controls Target Corporation is a well known and respected retail store out there. Target is a corporation that buys goods from manufactures at a purchase discount price and reselling it to consumers in a higher price to make a profit. Target has brought in revenue of $74 million dollars a year and continues to grow every year. However, Target has gone through some hard times with the Target breach that just occurred during the holidays of 2013. Consumers have had a hard time trusting their card readers and loyalty and sales have been dropping ever since. The question that is now in the air is what internal controls that company had during this breach and what could they have done to avoid this breach that just occurred. To begin with, the company was running perfectly and driving outstanding sales until the company and guest found out that they had a breach, also known to the community as the â€Å"Target Breach. Target corporation confirmed that a major data breach occurred between Black Friday and December 15, 2013, which includes many of the most important shopping days of the year† (Edelson, 2013). Ever since the Target breach, the company’s reputation was hurt, consumers were not confident about shopping, and are afraid of using the card readers at the stores. Later in time, after the breach was announced, the company had given further information on how the breach affected the people. It is believed that the breach affected roughly 40,000 card devices at store registers, which could mean that millions of cardholders could be vulnerable, according to the people familiar with the incident† (Sidel, 2013). On top of the 40,000 card devices being affected, 40 million people’s credit card and debit card information was stolen. The CEO of Target Corporation later released to the press and announced that personal information such as address, names, phone numbers, and e-mail address were also taken from the Target system. After reading about the Target breach, being an assistant manager for Target, and hearing about the tragic that has been caused, I remember feeling upset because of the way the company was going to be affected. However, it also reminded of the internal control concept that was thought in class. There was a lot of fraud involved with the Target breach, which is something that occurs when it comes to intern control. â€Å"Fraud refers to any act by the management or employees of business involving an internal deception for personal gain. Fraud may include, among other acts, embezzlement of business cash, theft of assets, filing false insurance claims, filing false health claims, and financial statement fraud† (Ferris, Wallace, Christensen, 2014, pg. 314). With the Target breach, you are able to see the fraud triangle concepts, which consist of pressure, opportunity, and rationalization. Being employed by Target, that concept came into mine when reading the article because there was an e-mail sent to management about believing that an employee that worked with the POS (point on sale) system had a lot of inside information within the system. The pressure was there to get information from the POS system and rationalization was involved when they knew that they can get credit card information. The opportunity occurred when they knew the busiest time of the year was going to be Black Friday and majority of the sales are driven in that day. From all that has occurred it is not clear what internal controls Target had in order to avoid this situation. Internal controls are important when it comes to businesses in order to avoid situation like the Target breach. There are two parts that I believe that important when it comes to internal controls, which are prevention control and detection control. A â€Å"prevention control is intended to deter a problem or fraud before it can arise† (Ferris, Wallace, Christensen, 2014, pg. 316). Target should have followed the prevention control with the POS system in order to avoid the Target breach. A â€Å"detection control, on the other hand, is designed to discover any problems or fraud shortly it arises† (Ferris, Wallace, Christensen, 2014, pg. 316). Target followed the detection control after the problem of the breach was brought and took justice in their own hands in order to fix the problem. The first thing Target did was post a prominent message on its Web site, â€Å"Important notice: unauthorized access to payment card data in the U. S. stores. † The message linked to a letter alerting customers that a breach occurred and outlining steps Target is taking to a voice a recurrence† (Edelson, 2013). Another step that Target has taken is bringing justice for the information was that was stolen out of their systems. Target had invested $5 million dollars into a multi-year campaign in order to stop phishing scams (Target, 2013). â€Å"Target has longstanding history of commitment to our communities, and cyber security is one of the most pressing issues facing consumers today,† said Steinhafel. â€Å"We are proud to be working with three trusted organizations-the National Cyber-Forensics and Training Alliance (NCFTA), National Cyber Security Alliance (NCSA) and Better Business Bureau (BBB)- to advance public education around cyber security† (Target, 2013). Target has gone to long measures to protect the information of the guest and reinsure loyalty by offering ProtectMyID, which keeps track of credit reports, monitoring, and identity theft (Target, 2013). As an apology to the guest, Target offered a 10% off discount to all guests which were a huge success for the company but numbers of transactions was cash paid. Being an employee for Target, we are still determine to follow our core roles, continue delivering the â€Å"Expect More Pay Less† promise, and delivering an excellent shopping experience for our guest in order to continue driving profitable sales and guest loyalty. In order to avoid this situation and detect the problem ahead of time, Target should have incorporated the following elements that are designed for prevention and detection controls. The first element is establish clear lines of authority and responsibility, which is giving authority to a supervisor or manager but also evaluation their consequently to companies policies and rules. Implement segregation of duties, â€Å"requires that when allocating various duties within the accounting system, management should make sure that no employee is assigned too many different responsibilities† (Ferris, Wallace, Christensen, 2014, pg.317). Hire competent personnel, which the company sees if that person has the education and qualified skills to perform that job. Use control number on all business documents, which is having all important documents with control numbers. Develop plans and budgets, which is having a plan and budget in order to bring the company forward. For example, the $5 m illion dollars that were invested in the anti fraud software in order to bring guest loyalty back. Maintain adequate accounting records, which is making sure that the company has the most recent accounting records. For example, the number of fraud claims that were reported under guest bank statements in order to reinvers their money back. Provide physical and electronic controls, is locking their doors or important files to prevent theft, which should have happened with the POS system. Conduct internal audit, â€Å"is a company function that provided independent appraisals of the company’s financial statement, its internal control, and its operations† (Ferris, Wallace, Christensen, 2014, pg. 319). In conclusion, we are able to see how the company was impacted from the breach that had occurred and the actions that the company has taken in order to fix the problem. People information had been stolen and finances have been tampered through it. We are able to see how internal controls play an important part when it comes to finances, accounting, and to businesses such as Target. If the proper elements and procedures had been applied with internal control I am sure that all of this could have been avoided or reduced.

The 1848 Revolutions In Europe

The 1848 Revolutions In Europe The fall of Napoleon marked the beginning of a new era for Europe. The people had witnessed 25 years of warfare. Old boundaries had been eliminated or altered. New political and social systems had arisen. New ideas and opinions had spread throughout Europe. The history of Europe after 1815 is therefore characterised by a struggle between revolutionary and reactionary forces. The struggle would, however, not be conducted merely in the political arena. A new economic factor was evolving in European life, namely the Industrial Revolution. Europe would therefore move in new directions, unheard of only a century earlier. European Society in 1815 Despite their widespread acceptance amongst certain sectors of the European population, the ideals of the French Revolution and the political settlements dictated on greater Europe by Napoleon Bonaparte could not entirely eradicate the institutions of the Old Order. The monarchies were far more deeply rooted for that. Indeed, after Napoleons final defeat, the people of Europe were weary of warfare and tended to look upon the monarchy as a symbol of unity and peace. The reactionary monarchies tended, therefore, to retain the support of the Church, the nobility and the great land-owners. In France the Revolution had attacked the Church quite as much as it had done the royal houses and the nobility. The fall of Napoleon tended, therefore, to be regarded as a victory for the Catholic Church. Because the Church was one of the more powerful forces in restraining the powers of the Revolution, it was natural that every effort would be made after 1815 to restore the Church to its traditional position. The Church therefore became a rallying point for reaction and the forces of continuity. In 1815 Europe generally was merely on the verge of the Industrial Revolution. Land therefore remained the chief source of wealth. As a result, landowners continued to be one of the paramount figures in determining social status and political power. On the other hand, because of the nationalisation of land belonging to both Church and aristocracy, a new landowning class had come into existence. This was particularly so in France. In essence, however, although differing considerably from the older order of landowner, the new class modelled itself on the old and remained extremely conservative. The widespread longing for peace created the atmosphere in which reactionary governments were able to introduce repressive measures against the revolutionary forces. Britain, for instance, (arguably the most liberal of states) brought in measures suspending individual rights and freedoms, prohibiting public gatherings and introducing press censorship. Similar proclamations were issued in France and Germany in 1819. Suppression by military force, use of secret police, control of universities and press censorship became the order of the day throughout Europe. The process of urbanisation had already long started in Europe. With the sudden evolution of the Industrial Age, however, a new industrial proletariat was suddenly created, totally different to the conservative agricultural community. These were people who had an axe to grind because often they had been rendered unemployed by that very revolution. They would therefore be ready followers of any radical political philosopher which promised them better conditions. There was also the new and steadily growing class of industrial bourgeoisie who were using their wealth and power to press for the abolition of obsolete laws and demanding greater political recognition. The New Political Philosophies New political philosophies were taking root during this period: Liberalism, Democracy, Socialism, Communism, Nationalism. One must also be careful not to confuse the liberalism of 1815 with democracy. Liberalism was the political system advocated by the wealthy financiers, merchants and industrialists who formed the backbone of the bourgeoisie. The movement aimed at breaking the political monopoly of the landed nobility. Liberal thinkers urged that birth was not the criterion of political power. Power had rather to depend on land-ownership, intelligence and education. The liberals were certainly not in favour of universal franchise. They did, however, believe in a free economy (laissez faire). To achieve this, they advocated limiting the activities of the state, especially in the economic field. Democrats, on the other hand, believed that political equality was a basic principle. Universal franchise was the basis for this political equality. The democrats therefore tended to be the political rallying ground of the lower classes, especially the petit bourgeoisie. As such they were feared by conservatives and liberals alike. Socialism at the beginning of the 19th century derived its inspiration from Rousseau and the ideals of the French Revolution. While the liberals stressed liberty and the democrats equality, the socialists stressed fraternity. As a result, socialists tended to be regarded as anti-national in character. The socialists were mainly interested in problems of poverty and social inequality which they blamed on the capitalist system of private ownership and production. Since socialism aimed at overthrowing the existing order, it threatened the liberals, the democrats and the conservatives. The nationalism of 1815 must not be confused with the nationalism of the 20th and 21st century. First, it was less militant than modern nationalism. It tended to focus on loyalty to the king rather than on loyalty to the state. It was also more cultural than political. Nevertheless, the Napoleonic Wars had given nationalism a new turn. The French armies had been national rather than mercenary. Napoleon had therefore given his people the desire for national prestige. His conquests in Europe, on the other hand, fostered a national desire amongst the conquered nations to resist. Nationalism, rather than any other political philosophy, would in fact become one of the greatest threats to the European state system after 1815. Why were there so many Revolutions in 1848? Introduction The revolutions of 1848 were the most widespread in the history of Europe. They directly affected France, Germany, Prussia, the Austrian Empire (F-G A P), various Italian states, Moldavia and Wallacia. They also indirectly affected Switzerland, Denmark, England, Spain and Belgium. Of all the European states, only Russia was unaffected. Two aspects draw our attention. First, the immediate course of the revolutions where the drawing up of democratic constitutions was the order of the day. Second, the fact that by 1850 all the revolutions had collapsed into nothing and hard-nosed reaction appeared to triumph. To understand both these aspects, one needs to understand the forces underlying both the revolutions and militating against them. Conditions Underlying the Revolutions The conditions which triggered the 1830 uprising were still there in 1848 but were more widespread. Liberalism and nationalism were growing apace. Yet two new forces were fermenting just then, namely socialism and communism. Each of these forces, when harnessed and working with the others, would serve to drive the old order into retreat. But, if and when they pulled against each other, the old order could come back with full force and in alliance with one or other of these very forces to suppress the rest. The Radicals (from the Latin radix meaning root) desired to cut things to the root. They desired a complete reconstruction of the laws, law-courts, prisons, poor relief, municipal organisation and state constitution. On the continent the majority of the radicals were republicans who were generally drawn from the class of intelligentsia such as students, writers, university professors and lawyers. On the fringe were the socialists who saw the existing economic system as aimless, chaotic and unjust because too much economic power was in the hands of the capitalists. They generally believed in the right to be employed and wanted the nationalisation of essential institutions like banks, factories, the land and transportation. On the far fringe were the communists. These were a group of Germans who coined the name communism for their movement during the 1840s. The name was then adopted in 1848 by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to differentiate their beliefs from general socialism. A glance at the society of the day would indicate that there were factions within it, each wanting its own particular goal. Each would initially enter into alliance with the other to gain a concerted drive towards its objective. But, when it was seen that the other was either going too far or not far enough, then the alliances would break and new alliances would be forged. At the top end of the political/class structure was the government itself which was distrustful of any movement which might seek to destabilise Europe and bring about the chaos of 1789. Below the government were the aristocrats and landed gentry who were also essentially conservative (reactionary). They feared the philosophy of the masses because it could mean that they would lose everything as the result of a successful revolution. Then there were the wealthy merchants and industrialists (bourgeoisie). They were intent on a transfer of power from the aristocracy to themselves. Their desire was for a constitutional monarchy which would favour them in some form of a qualified franchise. Below the bourgeoisie were the petit bourgeoisie. Most vociferous here were the lawyers who desired greater equality before the law which would benefit their own businesses. They therefore formed the backbone of the democratic movement. The poorer bourgeoisie were generally democratic, wanting the franchise to be extended at least as far as themselves as a guarantee of liberty and equality. The academics at the universities, especially those in Germany, also desired constitutional reforms to bring about equality and justice for all. It had to be done, however, in an orderly and civilized fashion and not in such chaos as had happened in France in 1789. The university students (revolting at the best of times!) they owned nothing and had little to lose by revolution, they tended to favour forms of socialism. The urban artisans were at the forefront of the economic suffering. It was they who stood to lose most by the industrial revolution. They were therefore the most radical group in the revolutionary climate, producing most of the socialists and communists. The proletariat had little to lose but much to gain from socialist revolts. They had little loyalty or sympathy either for the aristocracy or the monarchy. It was from this group that the convinced republicans would emanate. The country peasants, on the other hand, desired little more than freedom of movement and freedom from serfdom. They were essentially conservative, deeply religious (superstitious), loyal to their aristocratic overlords and fearful of revolutionary excesses. At the bottom of the pile were the growing numbers of poor and unemployed. They had little to lose by revolution but everything to gain. They would therefore rally behind any leader who promised them security of employment. The religious pull was always very strong. Although many of the lawyers, university students and proletariat claimed that religion was merely the opiate of the masses, most of the population were still bound by the dictates of the Church. The Church in turn preached order, submission to authority and an afterlife where true freedom would be attained. Although the masses might temporarily be caught up in anti-religious hysteria and rioting, their loyalty to the cause could not be sustained. Economic conditions were critical. With the absence of trade-unionism, most workers were prepared to accept their lot in life as long as the economic climate was favourable. An economic depression, on the other hand, produced escalating unemployment and job insecurity. Economic Conditions The period from 1815 to 1848 was marked by significant economic fluctuations. Initially (1815-1818) there was a post-Napoleonic War depression in which the economies of all countries except France went into recession. The early 1820s saw an upswing in economic fortunes but another recession accompanied the 1830 revolutions. Although the 1830s were generally prosperous years, a major recession descended on Europe during the 1840s. The industrialisation was making significant inroads into the European states, especially France and Germany. It was accompanied, however, with gross exploitation and increasing unemployment. Urbanisation was therefore on the increase and the cities became centres for the unemployed masses. Poverty led to destitution, with an accompanying increase in the crime-rate. The ruling classes and the elite bourgeoisie appeared indifferent to the plight of the people. Any political philosophy which promised change would therefore be supported by the masses. The recession of the 1840s was also accompanied by a major crop failure. The potato crop throughout Europe was destroyed by blight in 1845. This was followed by a bad harvest of cereals, leading to inflated prices and a drop in spending power. Conditions became progressively worse in 1846 and 1847. It is estimated that about one-fifth of the population of Paris was unemployed in February 1848 when the revolution occurred. Circumstances in Germany were similar. There was also general disillusionment over the political conditions throughout Europe. The defeat of Napoleon in 1815 had been heralded as the triumph of reason and stability. The governments which were thereupon installed promised constitutions to their people but by the 1840s the constitutions were either not forthcoming or the rulers had regressed into new forms of oppression. A person born in 1815 would be over 30 years of age by 1848 which meant that the young people knew nothing of the hardships of the Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic campaigns. On the contrary, the stories had now become legends of a glorious and romantic past, in contrast to which the contemporary rulers were not only oppressive but boringà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  as well. Pupils of year 9 are requested to please be prepared for the History test based on these notes (pages 1 à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 6 only) and explanations in the class. The test will be held on Monday 27th July, 2009. Why did the Revolutions of 1848 fail? Revolutionary Outbreak When the revolutions did break out in 1848, however, they were entirely spontaneous with no organisation whatever. The revolt in Paris erupted by the banning of the Reform Banquet. Revolts then spread rapidly the length and breadth of Europe: 22 February in Paris, 12 March in Vienna, 17 March in Berlin, thereafter in Rome, Venice and Milan that same month. There was no unity of purpose or in planning. The very rapidity appeared to take the governments by surprise. The fact that the revolts were so sudden and so widespread meant that the governments were caught napping. They lacked policy rather than the power to suppress them. In all cases, the armies remained intact but were not initially used simply because the governments needed time to review the situation. Tensions between Protagonists This very lack of planning and unity of purpose would also serve to tear the revolutions apart. The wealthier bourgeoisie wished to see an end to state interference in the economy so that a policy of laissez faire could operate. The socialists, on the other hand. wanted to see a new constitution which would allow more state interference in the economy so as to bring about an equal distribution of wealth and opportunities. The small communist element wanted to see the end of the state altogether and the introduction of the dictatorship of the proletariat so as to prevent both the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie from ever being able to seize power again. Each of these three groups feared the other. The bourgeoisie desire social order as the pre-requisite for economic growth but saw the socialists and communists as destroyers of that social order. The socialists wanted a new social order that would destroy capitalist monopolies but believed that the new order could be brought about through reform of the existing state. The communists believed that the existing state could not be reformed at all but could only be overthrown. Added to this were the disagreements over the question of the nationalities. A feature of Europe of the 1840s was the lack of national states. The Habsburg Empire consisted of Germans, Magyars, Czechs, Slavs, Italians and other assorted peoples. Prussia consisted of Germans, Poles and Slavs. Italy was a miscellany of small states with no cohesion. Nationalists within these states wanted not only new constitutions but also the creation of national states. If they were to have their own way, the existing states of Europe would be carved up. Italy, for example, could only be united into a nation state if Lombardy and Venetia were taken from Austria. Hungary could only become a nation state if the Habsburg Empire was destroyed. The Poles could have had a national state only if both Prussia and Russia were destroyed. Germany could become a nation state only through the destruction of the Habsburg (Austrian) Empire and the incorporation of parts of Prussia. At the same time, those very nationalists could not agree with one another. Magyar nationalists wanted a Magyar state of Hungary which would incorporate the other minority groups and thereby suppress their nationalist ideals. German nationalists wanted the incorporation of the whole of Prussia which would deny national rights to the Poles. Communist groups, on the other hand, had no desire for any nation states at all but believed that the proletariat of all nations must be united. They were therefore advocating the creation of a stateless society. The disunity of objectives then allowed the armies, which had not been overthrown, to intervene and suppress the revolutions. The Habsburg Empire, first to respond, used nationalistic squabbles as the pretext to suppress the entire movement. The Prussian King then gained courage and used the insurmountable political confrontations to pull the rug from under the revolutionaries feet. In Italy there was no agreement as to whether the new national state would be formed under the Pope, under the King of Sardinia or would be a simple republic. In the end the nation state wasnt formed at all. In France the revolt was essentially a Parisian affair, dominated by the socialists. Discord in the ranks of the revolutionaries, however, allowed Louis Napoleon to seize control and impose yet another dictatorship and empire. The New Philosophies The 1848 revolutions, though so wide-spread, had little of lasting value to show. Only a handful of countries gained constitutions. France had adopted universal franchise but it was not a lasting democracy because Louis Napoleon quickly established a popular dictatorship. In Prussia, Germany, Austria and Italy the pre-1848 conditions were soon restored. For Germany particularly this was a tragedy. It meant that a future German Empire would be created not on the foundations of liberalism and democracy but on Prussian militarism. Prussia would soon embark upon major expansion, using her military might to defeat both Austria and France. That in turn would set imperialism in motion which would ultimately end in the Great War (1914-1918), the 2nd World War (1939-1945) and finally the Cold War (1945-1990). As in France in 1789, the real winners in 1848 were the peasants. They were emancipated in most countries except Russia and would maintain their liberty even after the collapse on the revolts. Yet the peasants were essentially conservative and, having gained freedom, would become another element in the support of the reactionary governments. The failure of the revolutions led to the evolution of new attitudes throughout Europe. Romanticism, the backbone of revolutionary idealism, had failed and was now discredited. After more than half a century of struggle, the ideals of liberalism and nationalism seemed to be no closer than before. The governments felt more secure and could afford to be reactionary. The economic depression of the 1840s eased (it was ironically already easing in 1848 when the first revolts took place) and ushered in a period of relative prosperity. Realism A new philosophy therefore came to dominate Europe which based itself on realism rather than romanticism. The Age of Realism had therefore been born. It was similar to the Age of the Enlightenment but encompassed a far greater spread of the population. The emphasis in Realism was on science, not only for understanding nature, as in the Age of the Enlightenment, but to understand humankind itself. It therefore gave rise to two new sciences: psychology and sociology. Religion also came under renewed attack because of its unscientific nature. Indeed, the radicals went as far as to claim that religion was the invention of the aristocrats and bourgeoisie for the sole purpose of keeping the proletariat subservient. Religion, Karl Marx would say, was simply the opiate of the masses. Politically, the failed revolutions ushered in the politics of realism, known generally by its German term realpolitik. For the people, this meant giving up utopian dreams and relying on the hard work of honest governments. For the governments it meant giving up ideologies and working pragmatically for the best interests of the state, without scruples and without natural alliances. War now became a natural means to gain objectives. War was neither glorious nor romantic. It was not an end in itself but it was certainly a useful tool in the hands of the statesman. (The Prussian statesman, Otto von Bismarck, was a convinced advocate of realpolitik, as is seen in his policies.) Rise of Communism Another philosophy also began to grow as a result of the failed 1848 Revolutions. It became known as Marxism. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels both worked in England but became caught up in the radical Communist League in 1844. During the revolutions in Germany the Communist League became a vociferous voice working for radical ideals. It was for this group that Marx and Engels wrote their Communist Manifesto (published in January 1848) as a guiding document for their future action. But there was still no philosophy of Marxism which would only become a major force in the 1870s after the publication of Das Kapital in 1867. The foundation of Marxist ideology was the French Revolution of 1789 which Karl Marx believed (a) had been successful and (b) had been a revolution of the bourgeoisie. He believed therefore that, if the bourgeoisie could attain success in a revolution, then the proletariat could do the same. Marx also believed that the French Revolution had left unfulfilled promises. It had promised liberty, equality and fraternity for the masses. It had, however, only provided these for the bourgeoisie. The proletariat had therefore been left in a condition of exploitation. Marx saw in the failed 1848 revolutions a major source of concern. First, the revolutionaries had worked with no real objective. Second, much of the concern had been over the creation of national states. Both Marx and Engels believed therefore that the great revolution of the proletariat had to be systematically worked for, with clear guidelines of action. Nationalism could have no place in this revolution. Instead, all workers in all countries had to be united in the common goal of overthrowing the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Hence their battle-cry: Workingmen of all countries, unite! All things are in a state of movement and evolution. All change comes through a clash of antagonistic elements. Every event therefore happens in a sequence and never due to accident. History cannot therefore happen in any way different from the way it has happened. Ideas, claimed Marx, could not change society but ideas stemmed from altering material conditions. These economic conditions determine such things as religion, law, government philosophy, etc. According to Marxist philosophy, therefore, historical development evolved in the following pattern. Material conditions gave rise to economic classes. Agrarian conditions gave rise to feudalism and mercantilist conditions gave rise to capitalism. Each class then develops an ideology suited to its needs. Class conflict is then inevitable and happened in France in 1789. But, as the bourgeoisie developed as a class, the antithesis became inevitable: the development of an antagonistic proletariat. The more a country becomes capitalist, the more it becomes proletarian. Ultimately capitalism leads to monopolies whereby capitalists eat each other. The conflict that then ensues leaves the field clear for the revolution of the proletariat. Such a revolution is inevitable. Moreover, it will eventually lead to a classless society. But there is always the danger of a counter-revolution in which the bourgeoisie regain control. To prevent that, the proletariat need to establish an interim dictatorship of the proletariat. Ultimately, however, the state would simply disappear as it would no longer be necessary except as an organisational or facilitating vehicle. The great revolution nevertheless had to be planned and fought for. The natural antagonism between the capitalists and worker had to be fostered. It was a war, said Marx, and there could be no negotiations and compromises. Capitalism could not be reformed; it could only be overthrown. The problem, as far as Europe was concerned, was that the workers were not united. They were also not prepared to sink their all into a continual class war. Indeed, many of the workers were fundamentally conservative. More dangerous was the fact that religion still played a major factor. Another major problem, said Marx, was the fact that the decades after 1848 were generally prosperous ones during which worker salaries had been gradually raised. As a result, the worker failed to see the government as the enemy which was to be overthrown at all costs. The aim of the dedicated communist was therefore to remind the worker continually of his fundamental loyalties: to work incessantly to bring about the revolution of the proletariat. It is probable that Marxism would have died a natural death had it not been for the great catastrophe of international war in 1914. The economic structure was creating a more prosperous working class which would naturally have killed off communism. The Great War would change all that. The war would bring about two periods of major depression, the first from 1918 to 1923 and the second from 1929 to 1935. Furthermore, Russia collapsed during the war, allowing the radicals to take control. From Russia, then, the idea of exporting communism as a means of destabilising the international community saw Marxism become a potent threat of the 20th century. But thats another story.